编译|李言
Science, 29 May 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6750
《科学》2025年5月29日，第388卷，6750期
材料科学Materials Science
Vapor-assisted surface reconstruction enables outdoor-stable perovskite solar modules
气相辅助表面重构技术实现可在户外稳定工作的钙钛矿太阳能组件
▲ 作者：Xiangnan Sun, Wenda Shi et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv4280
▲摘要：
自然光暗循环中的光照强度变化会引发钙钛矿太阳能电池不可逆的离子迁移，严重制约其户外长期运行稳定性。通过采用气相沉积多齿配体隔离钙钛矿表面缺陷八面体，我们成功解决这一难题。表面八面体隔离技术可有效抑制离子向电荷传输层的迁移，减少表面离子缺陷，从而调控光暗循环中的离子迁移动力学。基于该技术制备的785平方厘米工业级钙钛矿光伏组件，实现了19.6%的功率转换效率（PCE）。
在50℃条件下经历101次光暗循环后，组件仍能保持97%以上的初始效率，展现出优异的日间稳定性。在夏季严苛户外环境中连续运行45天后，该钙钛矿组件的功率输出稳定性已达到硅电池水平。
▲ Abstract：
Natural illumination variations in light-dark cycles induce irreversible ion migration in perovskite solar cells, posing substantial challenges to their long-term outdoor operational stability. We addressed this issue by isolating defective octahedra at the perovskite surface using a vapor-deposited polydentate ligand. Surface octahedra isolation suppresses ion migration into the charge transport layer and reduces surface ionic defects, modulating the kinetics of ion migration during light-dark cycles. Our 785-square-centimeter industrial-scale perovskite solar modules achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.6%. Our modules demonstrated enhanced diurnal stability, retaining more than 97% of their initial PCE even after 101 light-dark cycles at 50°C. Our perovskite modules maintained stable power output during 45 days of outdoor operation under severe summer conditions, exhibiting stability comparable with that of the reference silicon cell.
Testing interelectronic interaction in lithium-like tin
锂类锡离子中电子间相互作用的测试研究
▲ 作者：Jonathan Morgner, Vladimir A. Yerokhin et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5981
▲摘要：
束缚电子体系的磁矩是检验基本相互作用的灵敏探针。近年来，类锂离子的精确研究为相对论性电子间效应提供了新见解。
在这项研究中，我们报道了精度达0.5 ppb的类锂锡离子g因子测量结果，以及包含电子间相互作用高级处理方法的从头算理论计算。通过结合类氢锡离子g因子的实验结果，我们进一步优化了理论预测，由此推演出未知的高阶量子电动力学（QED）效应。
在原子序数Z=50的高核电荷体系中该区域QED效应显著增强，观测与理论的高度吻合首次独立验证了修正理论模型的正确性。
▲ Abstract：
Magnetic moments of bound-electron systems are a sensitive tool for testing fundamental interactions. The g factors of lithium-like ions have been rigorously studied in recent years, enabling insights into the relativistic interelectronic effects. In this work, we present the g-factor measurement of lithium-like tin, accurate to 0.5 parts per billion, as well as ab initio theoretical calculations that include an advanced treatment of the interelectronic interaction. We further improved the prediction by using the experimental result for the hydrogen-like tin g factor, inferring from it the unknown higher-order quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects. The observed agreement independently confirms the revised theory at a previously inaccessible high atomic number Z of 50, where QED effects are considerably larger.
生物学Biology
Functional polymorphism of CYCLE underlies the diapause variation in moths
CYCLE的功能多态性调控蛾类滞育变异
▲ 作者：Shirui Zheng, Yaohui Wang et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2129
▲摘要：
滞育是昆虫调控年度生活史节律的重要季节性适应策略。目前鲜少发现导致滞育变异的因果位点。通过交叉定位与全基因组关联分析，我们首次鉴定出生物钟蛋白CYCLE的N端结构域是家蚕胚胎滞育差异的关键效应因子。
我们发现，多化性品系（连续多代繁殖型）的非滞育表型源于特定缺失突变，该突变破坏了CYCLE蛋白的一种亚型。我们进一步证实，不同CYCLE亚型通过调控昼夜节律产生功能分化从而影响滞育表型，这一机制在鳞翅目昆虫中已保守存在至少1.1亿年。
我们的研究提出了一个创新模型，揭示生物体如何在维持核心功能的前提下快速演化出适应性表型。
▲ Abstract：
Diapause is a common seasonal adaptive strategy that regulates annual timing in insects. Very few causal loci underlying diapause variation have yet been identified. By leveraging cross-mapping and genome-wide association analysis, we identified the N terminus of the clock protein CYCLE as a major causal effector underlying embryonic diapause differences in the silk moth. We found that the nondiapause phenotype in polyvoltine strains results from a specific deletion that disrupts an alternative isoform of CYCLE. We further demonstrated that different CYCLE isoforms contribute to a functional diversity in modulating circadian rhythms and diapause, which has been preserved in Lepidoptera for at least 110 million years. Our study proposes a model that explains how adaptive phenotypes can evolve rapidly without affecting related essential functions.
农业Agriculture
A single domestication origin of adzuki bean in Japan and the evolution of domestication genes
日本赤小豆的单一驯化起源及驯化基因的演化
▲ 作者：Chih-Cheng Chien, Takashi Seiko et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads2871
▲摘要：
赤小豆是东亚饮食文化中的核心豆类作物，但其驯化起源一直存在争议。通过对约700份亚洲地区赤小豆种质的分析，我们发现其初始驯化发生于3000—5000年前的日本绳文时代中期，随后向中国扩张并与中国野生种群发生二次杂交。
我们定位、验证并测定了与种皮颜色演化相关的关键基因（控制斑纹黑色消失的VaPAP1基因和控制红色获得的VaANR1基因）。影响关键驯化性状的变异频率增加显著早于野生与栽培群体的分化。这些结果解决了赤小豆起源的遗传学与考古学证据矛盾，重建了考古植物学无法观测的性状演化轨迹，支持早期弱选择在驯化过程中的作用。
▲ Abstract：
Adzuki is a central legume in East Asian culinary culture, yet its domestication origin remains debated. Using ~700 accessions across Asia, we show that the initial domestication happened three to five thousand years ago in central Japan during the Jomon period, followed by a range expansion into China and secondary hybridization with Chinese wild populations. We mapped, validated, and dated key genes associated with seed coat color evolution (VaPAP1 for loss of mottled black and VaANR1 for gain of red colors). The frequency increases of variants affecting key domestication syndrome substantially predated the wild-cultigen divergence. Together, our results resolve the conflict between genetic and archaeological evidence about adzuki origins and reconstruct the evolutionary trajectory of archaeobotanically unobservable traits, consistent with a role of early weak selection during domestication.
地球科学Earth Science
Glacier preservation doubled by limiting warming to 1.5°C versus 2.7°C
将全球变暖控制在1.5度而非2.7度可使冰川留存量增加一倍
▲ 作者：Harry Zekollari, Lilian Schuster et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu4675
▲摘要：
冰川对气候变化的适应非常缓慢，这对海平面上升和水资源供给具有长期影响。通过8种冰川模型，我们模拟了全球冰川在多世纪尺度上的演化过程，使冰川能在不同恒温气候情景下达到新的平衡状态。
我们预测，即使全球温度稳定在当前水平，到平衡状态时全球冰川仍将损失39%（区间15—55%）的质量（以2020年为基准），相当于全球平均海平面上升113毫米（区间43—204毫米）。在实现《巴黎协定》1.5度温控目标的情景下，冰川平衡态质量保有量（53%）将是当前政策路径（预计2100年升温2.7度）下的两倍有余（24%）。
我们的研究结果强调了，为能确保冰川长期留存，实施严格的气候减缓政策的必要性。
▲ Abstract：
Glaciers adapt slowly to changing climatic conditions, with long-term implications for sea-level rise and water supply. Using eight glacier models, we simulated global glacier evolution over multicentennial timescales, allowing glaciers to equilibrate with climate under various constant global temperature scenarios. We estimate that glaciers globally will lose 39 (range, 15 to 55)% of their mass relative to 2020, corresponding to a global mean sea-level rise of 113 (range, 43 to 204) mm even if temperatures stabilized at present-day conditions. Under the +1.5°C Paris Agreement goal, more than twice as much global glacier mass remains at equilibration (53% versus 24%) compared with the warming level resulting from current policies (+2.7°C by 2100 above preindustrial). Our findings stress the need for stringent mitigation policies to ensure the long-term preservation of glaciers.
Thermal acclimation of stem respiration implies a weaker carbon-climate feedback
茎呼吸的热驯化效应暗示了较弱的碳—气候反馈作用
▲ 作者：Han Zhang, Han Wang et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9978
▲摘要：
木质茎释放的二氧化碳作为茎呼吸的表征指标，是生态系统向大气输送碳通量的关键途径，其在短时间尺度上会随温度升高而增强。然而，植物能在更长时间尺度上调节呼吸作用对温度的响应，可能削弱碳—气候反馈。尽管该驯化程度对气候变化预测至关重要，但其量级仍存在不确定性。
我们建立了基于最优性理论的动态模型，通过关联茎干呼吸与叶片水分供给来预测其热驯化过程。我们展示了该理论能准确再现空间和季节变化的观测数据。我们估算当前全球茎干二氧化碳年释放量为27.4±5.9 PgC。到2100年，考虑热驯化效应将使茎干呼吸的预测值比未考虑驯化的模型降低24%—46%，从而显著减少陆地生态系统碳排放。
▲ Abstract：
The efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from woody stems, a proxy for stem respiration, is a critical carbon flux from ecosystems to the atmosphere, which increases with temperature on short timescales. However, plants acclimate their respiratory response to temperature on longer timescales, potentially weakening the carbon-climate feedback. The magnitude of this acclimation is uncertain despite its importance for predicting future climate change. We develop an optimality-based theory dynamically linking stem respiration with leaf water supply to predict its thermal acclimation. We show that the theory accurately reproduces observations of spatial and seasonal change. We estimate the global value for current annual stem CO2 efflux as 27.4 ± 5.9 PgC. By 2100, incorporating thermal acclimation reduces projected stem respiration without considering acclimation by 24 to 46%, thus reducing land ecosystem carbon emissions.
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